A cryptid is an animal whose existence is claimed or suspected but has not been substantiated by mainstream science — either an unknown species entirely, a species generally believed extinct that may have survived, or a known animal reported dramatically outside its normal range.[1] The study and pursuit of cryptids is called cryptozoology, a field regarded by mainstream biology as a pseudoscience rather than a genuine branch of zoology, since it does not follow standard scientific method and its practitioners have often shown open hostility toward mainstream scientific approaches.[1]
Etymology and history
The term "cryptozoology" — from the Greek kryptós ("hidden"), zōion ("animal") and logos ("study") — is generally dated to around 1959, though its exact origin is disputed even by the field's own founders.[1] Belgian-French zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans, whose landmark 1955 book On the Track of Unknown Animals is considered the discipline's foundational text, is most often credited with coining it — but Heuvelmans himself attributed the term to Scottish-American biologist Ivan T. Sanderson, who used "cryptozoological" in print as early as 1961 and claimed to have coined the underlying concept in the early 1940s.[2][3] Heuvelmans traced the discipline's own scholarly roots back further still, to Dutch zoologist Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans' 1892 study The Great Sea Serpent.[4]
The specific term "cryptid" — for the individual creatures cryptozoology investigates, as distinct from the discipline itself — was coined considerably later, by cryptozoologist J. E. Wall in the summer 1983 issue of the International Society of Cryptozoology Newsletter.[1]
Categories of cryptid
Reported cryptids are conventionally grouped by type. This is not an exhaustive list, but covers the major recurring categories, with links to specific cases documented elsewhere in the Vault where available.
Lake monsters and sea serpents — large, typically serpentine or long-necked creatures reported in specific bodies of water.
- Loch Ness Monster (Scotland)
- Ogopogo (Canada)
- Champ (United States)
- Bessie (Lake Erie, United States/Canada)
Ape-like and hominid cryptids — large, bipedal, human- or ape-like creatures reported in remote or forested areas.
Winged humanoids — bipedal or humanoid creatures reported with wings or flight capability.
- Mothman (United States)
- Thunderbird (North America)
Canine and wolf-like cryptids — quadrupedal or bipedal wolf- or dog-like creatures.
- Chupacabra (Puerto Rico and the Americas)
- Dogman (United States)
Out-of-place big cats — reports of large cats (such as panthers or pumas) in regions with no native wild cat population of that size, sometimes called Alien Big Cats (ABCs).
- Beast of Bodmin Moor (Cornwall, England)
- Beast of Exmoor (England)
- Surrey Puma (England)
Presumed-extinct or "living fossil" survivals — reports of animals generally believed extinct persisting into the present.
- Mokele-mbembe (Congo Basin) — a claimed surviving sauropod-like creature
- Thylacine sightings (Tasmania/Australia) — persisting reports of the officially extinct Tasmanian tiger
"Former cryptids": when cryptozoology gets it right
A small number of animals once dismissed as folklore or cryptid claims have subsequently been formally confirmed by mainstream science, and cryptozoologists frequently cite these as validating the field's underlying premise. Well-known examples include the okapi, the giant squid, and the coelacanth — a fish long believed extinct until a living specimen was caught off South Africa in 1938.[4] Sceptics of cryptozoology as a discipline note that such confirmed cases are the exception rather than the rule, and that the existence of a small number of genuinely undiscovered species does not, on its own, validate the evidential standards typically applied to more speculative cryptid claims such as Bigfoot or Mothman.
Scientific reception
Cryptozoology is not recognised as a subfield of zoology or folklore studies by mainstream academic science, on the grounds that it does not follow standard scientific method.[1] Scholars studying the field and its practitioners have noted parallels between cryptozoology and other pseudosciences such as ghost hunting and ufology, including a documented association in some corners of the subculture with Young Earth creationism, and have criticised uncritical media coverage of cryptozoological claims.[1] Heuvelmans himself argued that cryptozoology should nonetheless be conducted with real scientific rigour where possible, combined with a genuinely interdisciplinary willingness to take folkloric and local testimony seriously as a potential (if unreliable) source of leads.[5]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Cryptozoology."Wikipedia.
- ↑ "Bernard Heuvelmans."Wikipedia.
- ↑ "Cryptozoology, Cryptid and Hominology."Cryptomundo.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Cryptozoology."RationalWiki.
- ↑ "What is Cryptozoology?."International Cryptozoology Museum.